Function of various elements:

7.Nickel (Ni): Ni can increase the strength of steel, and maintain good plasticity and toughness, also has good anti-rust and heat resistance ability at high temperature. But nickel is a very scarce resource, therefore, we should try to use other alloy elements instead of nickel chromium steel.
8.Molybdenum (Mo): it can improve the mechanical properties if we add Mo to steel structure, and can improve the harden-ability and the strong heat resistance performance.
9.Titanium (Ti): Strong deoxidizing agent, used to reduce the aging sensitivity and cold brittleness, thus improving the welding performance.
10.Vanadium (V): Vanadium can refine the grain size, increase the strength and toughness.
11.Tungsten (W): very expensive alloy element, it has a high melting point, tungsten carbide has high hardness and good wear resistance. It can significantly increase the red hardness and heat resistance if we add some tungsten to tool steels.
12.Niobium (Nb): It can refine grain and reduce overheating sensitivity and temper brittleness, the steel strength was increased, but the plasticity and toughness was decreased. It may also improve welding performance.
13.Cobalt (Co): Very rare and precious metal. Widely applied to special steel and alloy steel, such as heat resistant steel and magnetic materials.
14.Copper (Cu): Copper can improve the strength and toughness, especially the atmospheric corrosion performance. The disadvantage of it is easy to produce hot shortness in thermal processing, less than 0.50% copper has no effect on the weld-ability of steel plate.
15.Aluminum (Al): A small amount of aluminum in steel can improve the impact toughness, disadvantage is to going to have effects on of heat processing performance, cutting performance and welding performance.
16.Boron (B): It can improve the compactness and hot rolling performance of steel plate, also can improve the strength.
17.Nitrogen (N): It can improve the strength of steel, low temperature toughness and weld-ability, increasing aging sensitivity.
18.Rare earth (Xt): Rare earth element refers to 15 lanthanide elements in element periodic table, these elements are metal, but their oxide is like soil, so we always called them as Rare earth. It can improve various properties of steel plate, such as toughness, weld-ability, cold working properties.

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